Script Tirzepatide

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Tirzepatide references — the complete citation record.

Every study, trial, and review cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links.

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Cited sources

All tirzepatide references cited across this site are listed below, numbered as they appear inline. PubMed links and DOIs are provided where available.

  1. Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. ↗
  2. Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. ↗
  3. Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. ↗
  4. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. ↗
  5. Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  6. Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. ↗
  7. Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. ↗
  8. Zhao F, et al. Structural insights into multiplexed pharmacological actions of tirzepatide and peptide 20 at the GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptors. Nat Commun. 2022. ↗
  9. Hammoud R, et al. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023. ↗
  10. Rees TA, et al. Tirzepatide, GIP(1-42) and GIP(1-30) display unique signaling profiles at two common GIP receptor variants, E354 and Q354. Front Pharmacol. 2024. ↗
  11. El K, et al. The incretin co-agonist tirzepatide requires GIPR for hormone secretion from human islets. Nat Metab. 2023. ↗
  12. Tang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022. ↗
  13. Ciudin A, et al. Indirect Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Oral Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. ↗
  14. Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Increased Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetes Ther. 2025. ↗
  15. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label, type 2 diabetes indication). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. ↗
  16. Rosenstock J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021. ↗
  17. Ludvik B, et al. Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3). Lancet. 2021. ↗
  18. Dahl D, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-5). Lancet. 2021. ↗
  19. Dahl D, et al. Effect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA. 2022. ↗
  20. Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in patients with overweight or obesity without diabetes. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. ↗
  21. Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. ↗
  22. Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. ↗
  23. Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. ↗
  24. Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. ↗
  25. Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in adults with obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. ↗
  26. Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Muscle Function, Body Composition, and Quality of Life. Ann Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  27. Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: weight regain and cardiometabolic effects. Obes Rev. 2025. ↗
  28. Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity (SURMOUNT-4). JAMA. 2024. ↗
  29. Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide: Secondary Analysis of SURMOUNT-4. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. ↗
  30. Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. ↗
  31. Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data. Healthcare (Basel). 2025. ↗
  32. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. ↗
  33. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide). FDA News & Events. 2023. ↗
  34. Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  35. Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  36. Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. ↗
  37. Campbell JE, et al. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss — chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023. ↗
  38. Thomas MK, et al. Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020. ↗
  39. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  40. Garvey WT, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2). Lancet. 2023. ↗
  41. Kadowaki T, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide in Japanese patients with obesity disease (SURMOUNT-J). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025. ↗
  42. Heerspink HJL, et al. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022. ↗
  43. de la Cruz-Concepcion B, et al. Tirzepatide Reduces 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adults With Body Mass Index >=27. Hypertension. 2024. ↗
  44. Nicholls SJ, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). N Engl J Med. 2025. ↗
  45. Kaplan LM, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023. ↗