# Tirzepatide References — Full Citation List with DOIs and PubMed Links

> Full reference list for tirzepatide: peer-reviewed citations across mechanism, SURPASS/SURMOUNT trials, safety, and beyond-glycaemia research — with DOIs and PubMed URLs.

Every study, trial, and review cited across this site, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## Cited sources

All tirzepatide references cited across this site are listed below, numbered as they appear inline. PubMed links and DOIs are provided where available.

## References

[1] Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30473097/
[2] Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730231/
[3] Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/
[4] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/
[5] Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[6] Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908750/
[7] Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[8] Zhao F, et al. Structural insights into multiplexed pharmacological actions of tirzepatide and peptide 20 at the GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptors. Nat Commun. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35217653/
[9] Hammoud R, et al. Beyond the pancreas: contrasting cardiometabolic actions of GIP and GLP1. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36509857/
[10] Rees TA, et al. Tirzepatide, GIP(1-42) and GIP(1-30) display unique signaling profiles at two common GIP receptor variants, E354 and Q354. Front Pharmacol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39464637/
[11] El K, et al. The incretin co-agonist tirzepatide requires GIPR for hormone secretion from human islets. Nat Metab. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37277609/
[12] Tang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36569320/
[13] Ciudin A, et al. Indirect Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Oral Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42050884/
[14] Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Increased Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetes Ther. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016573/
[15] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label, type 2 diabetes indication). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/215866s000lbl.pdf
[16] Rosenstock J, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34186022/
[17] Ludvik B, et al. Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3). Lancet. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370970/
[18] Dahl D, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-5). Lancet. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672967/
[19] Dahl D, et al. Effect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. JAMA. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133415/
[20] Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in patients with overweight or obesity without diabetes. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40189856/
[21] Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332263/
[22] Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569606/
[23] Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32519795/
[24] Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39418085/
[25] Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in adults with obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996356/
[26] Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Muscle Function, Body Composition, and Quality of Life. Ann Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41996180/
[27] Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: weight regain and cardiometabolic effects. Obes Rev. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40186344/
[28] Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity (SURMOUNT-4). JAMA. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/
[29] Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide: Secondary Analysis of SURMOUNT-4. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41284285/
[30] Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41975852/
[31] Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data. Healthcare (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41008391/
[32] Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41111833/
[33] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide). FDA News & Events. 2023. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management
[34] Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38912654/
[35] Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39555826/
[36] Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38856224/
[37] Campbell JE, et al. GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist therapies for diabetes and weight loss — chemistry, physiology, and clinical applications. Cell Metab. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37591245/
[38] Thomas MK, et al. Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33236115/
[39] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39536238/
[40] Garvey WT, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2). Lancet. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37385275/
[41] Kadowaki T, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly tirzepatide in Japanese patients with obesity disease (SURMOUNT-J). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40031941/
[42] Heerspink HJL, et al. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36152639/
[43] de la Cruz-Concepcion B, et al. Tirzepatide Reduces 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Adults With Body Mass Index >=27. Hypertension. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38314555/
[44] Nicholls SJ, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41406444/
[45] Kaplan LM, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36964557/

---

Peer-reviewed findings on tirzepatide, summarised and cited — not a prescription, not a clinical recommendation.